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Dockets are a summary of proceedings in a case. They provide a handy way of keeping track of what is happening (or what happened) in a particular case and can also lead a researcher to the documents that were filed in that case. A docket sheet will typically supply the names of the parties and attorneys, the docket number and the name of judge, and dates when each step in the litigation occurred (e.g., the date that the case was filed, when a certain motion was filed, when oral arguments are scheduled, etc.).
Some electronic dockets will also provide access to an electronic version, such as a PDF, of the actual court filings (pleadings, motions, briefs, orders, etc.). This guide will indicate when filings are available.
This excerpted example of a docket is from the free U.S. Supreme Court website. You'll see basic case info, a list of activity on the case (including links to many briefs and other court filings), and then information on the parties' attorneys.
